GGS

Very cool. Watch the show if you have some extra time, study for the exam and look at the hints below. PBS must have done this just for me.

germs, guns, and steel

i was flipping channels and there's a thing on Germs, Guns, and Steel on PBS, right now. check it out.

Review Stuff

Look below for help. Also note that in your other folder of your disk, there is a set of three handouts titled humangeoreview 1 2 and 3. Look over these. They will supply you with a study outline fo the entire year in three pages- very helpful

REVIEW

BELOW I PUT DOWN SOME GOOD REVIEW ITEMS AND HINTS FOR THE MC EXAM. ALSO FIND THE SECTION WHERE I TOLD YOU WHAT THEY CHANGED IN THE COURSE OULTINE. THEY WILL ASK A FEW QUESTION ABOUT THOSE CHANGES AND I PUT THE GIS STUFF ON A POST BELOW AS WELL


GOOD LUCK

Multiple Choice - Exam is online - 7 good hints

The exam is at the bottom of the handouts page. I am also putting up some other practive MC questions which might be helpful to try. It is from another text and phrases questions differently so that might help you.

Hints

1. Remember all of the things we said about how this part works. You get 1/4th of a point deducted from your correct answers for each incorrect guess. So if you get your choices down to two or three within a question then you can guess but if you have no clue, leave it alone.


2. If there are two good answers CHOOSE THE ONE THAT FITS BEST. The question about religion and conflict asks you which is likely to cause a fight. Strongly Differing religions may cause a fight but countries that are also havign a border dispute fits better. DISPUTE means conflict and that works better. Some of these questions are about logic.

3. STUDY YOUR VOCABULARY

4. STUDY THE CHARTS AND DIAGRAMS WE USE IN CLASS AND ThOSE IN THE TEXT. It is highly likley that they will ask you how certai ncharts and graphs work.

5. LOOK OVER YOUR EXAM AGAIN. You will have lots of time for this so do it. A second look (after having seen other questions) may help you to get the correct answer. Do not be lazy on this. You can get college credit here so it ony makes sense to work as hard as possible.

6. Remember the exam we saw got harder as it went on so expect that. The last questions may be the hardest. Do not worry if you start to feel like the exam is getting really tough and you are not getting some in the end. The exam is designed that way. This is why it is a good idea to go over the earlier questions again. You may get those and the harder questions might make sense at a second glance.

7. EXAMINE THE BEST, MOST, LEAST AND WORST AND THE UNUSUALS of the various topics we have gone over. The exam asks questions like which area of the world is the most urban or the most rural or which area is the best example of this model or which area does not exemplify a certain idea. They tend to use the more obvious examples so study the obvious examples. It is not a bad idea to know the things that stick out like the fact that Eastern Europe has had a decline in its human development index. That is unusual and they expect you to know the mosts, leasts and the unusuals.

NOW HELP EACH OTHER OUT AND POST INFO YOU THINK IS HELPFUL

review

http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=chapter&bcsId=1208&itemId=0471441074&chapterId=1256
you can go on this website, the same one we used to find vocab, to quiz yourself on the terms. Click on flashcards, then put it on quiz.

AP Test / Will publish the exam tomorrow morning - very early

Format for the Exam

The AP Human Geography Exam consists of two sections. In Section I, which is 60 minutes long, students must answer 75 multiple-choice questions; in Section II, which is 75 minutes, they must answer three essays within the allotted time. The exam covers a one-semester introductory college course in human geography.

The essay section is worth half and the multiple choice section is worth half.

I will publish the exam plus some tips by early tomorrow morning Please look. And thanks to K for the tips below

last second review guide

this is a general tip for everyone not to be studying random stuff and just what is on the ap outline

1. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives (5-10%)
2. Population (13-17%)
3. Cultural Patterns and Processes (13-17%)
4. Political Organization of Space (13-17%)
5. Agricultural and Rural Land Use (13-17%)
6. Industrialization and Economic Development (13-17%)
7. Cities and Urban Land Use (13-17%)

check out this review, it goes over everything in short form and to the point from II-VII: http://www.oreolcon.com/uploads/review.doc

click the link above, its in ms word format

practice AP test!!!

shame on those that thought i was gone!! jk. here's most of a practice AP exam (i was unable to post up the last 25)
www.xanga.com/blogmonstersucks

Post it

PLEASE POST ANY ITEMS YOU BELIEVE WILL BE HELPFUL

AND

I WILL BE POSTING MANY HINTS AND ITEMS YOU SHOULD KNOW FOR THE EXAM HERE AND IN THE HANDOUTS SECTION

UNIT 7 PART B

mr.lewis what is the first question? there's only choices

TEST VII Questions

for number 45 both c and e make sense to me and also they book suggests both of them as possible answers so how do i know which one is right

numbe 47: i know large settlements are farther part but whether they are numerous or not depends on the country and region so how do we know?

number 48: both a and b are true so how do i know which is right?

Notes

I am taking ALL OF THE NOTEBOOKS FROM EVERYONE AGAIN ON FRIDAY. This means if you turned it in I want to see it again. You must have your notes and chapter notes organized. You must have your handouts, quizzes and tests, and homework assignments all in SEPARATE SECTIONS AND ALL OF THEM IN ORDER from the date you did them.

I will not take unorganized notes at all.

Unit 7 Part B

are renewable energy sources
are distributed unifromly across the earth
have an infinte supply
both a and b

Greater dependence on coal is likely to occur by
reducing levels of air pollution
expanding use of electricity
having fewer mining accidents
reducing levels of soil erosion problem
increasing levels of soil erosion problems

As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by
less intensive land use
construction of skyscrapers
intense competition for very limited space
high threshold and range
horizontal growth

The French long-lot system was developed primarily because of
collective land ownership
common grazing lands
inheritance laws
need for access to a river
need to plot a standard plot size

All of the following are examples of types of services except
conumer transportation public business all of the above are

34. the process of legally ading land area to a city in the U.S. is
redlining
accrediation
annexation
defined by an urbanized area
an application of eminent domain

35. A process by which real estate agents convince white owners to sell their homes is
blockbusting filtering gentrification redlining greenbelting

36. The most significant benefit of the enclosure movement was to
destroy traditionl village life
promote agricultural efficiency
replace abandoned villages with new farmsteads
stimulate urbanization
create clustered rural settlements

37. To deal with the financial problems in some areas of the city, American governments
reduce taxes
reduce services
receive more grants from the federal government
improve services
all of the above

38. British cities are surrounded by open spaces known as
greenbelts public housing sprawl squatter settlemetns suburbs

39. A legal form of segregation in U.S. cities is achieved through
blockbusting filtering zoning greenbelts redlinig

40. The U.S. government has encouraged the use of cars in part by
building interstate ighways
charging high gasoline taxes
constructing new subways
protecting prime agricultural land
both a and b

41. According to the concentric zone model a city develops in a series of
corridors rings nodes areas sectors

42. social area analysis attempts to explain
the diffusion of settlements
the development of squatter settlements in developing countries
the distribution of different types of people in an urban area
which of three models of urban structure is the most accurate in the U.S.
the changing location of retail and office activities in North American cities

43. Higher income people tend to live near the center of the city in all but which of the following regions
latin america north america south asia western europe none

44. In a linear community the best locaiton for a service is the
hinterland range threshold median market

45. The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D. brought about what change in urban settlements
development of city-states
rapid urbanization
reduction of urban populaiton
revival of urban life
disperson of settlements

The minimum number of people needed to support a service is
hinterland range threshold median centrl place

Larger settlements are
more numerous and closer together
more numerous and further apart
less numerous and less together
there is no concrete pattern

Whys is the absence of a rank-size distribution significant in a country like Romania
consumers do not have access to goods
the capital is a primate city
consumers do not have to travel far for goods or services
consumers are less likely to take buses to obtain goods and services
both b and d

All of the following are true about central place theory except
it was first proposed in the 1930s
it explaines how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlemetns exists
it applies best to an industrialized area
it is more applicable to MDCs than LDCs

Unit 7 Question Bank Part I

According to the sector model, the best housing is located in
Corridor from the downtown to the edge of the city
The CBD
Nodes near the universities and parks
Renovated inner city neighborhoods
An outer ring surrounding the city

The CBD attracts offices primarily because of its
High accessibility
High land costs
More intensive land use
Less intensive land use
Construction of skyscrapers

In the U.S. which of the following definitions of a city covers the largest land area
CBD
Central City
Urbanized Area
Metro Statistical Area
Suburban area

Solar energy is more expensive than other forms of energy for most consumers primarily because
Consumers cannot count on having enough during cloudy days
Installation costs are high
Silicon is a scarce element
Solar Energy is dangerous
None of the above

A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is
Government
Industrial
Office
Retail
Personal Services

Megalopolis refers to
Adjacent overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Central Cities
CBD plus outer suburbs
Central cities plus urbanized areas
Consolidated Metro Stat Areas

Public transportation is better suited for commuting to the CBD primarily because
It is less expensive
Each traveler takes up less space
Commuters desire to use it
The CBD population has declined
Both a and c

Contrary to air and water pollution, solid waste pollution is reduced through
Burning residuals
Constructing landfills
Concentrating rather than dispersing waste
Reducing damage to the Earth’s ozone layer
Dispersing rather than concentrating waste

The most important political reason for the origin of settlements was a place to
Bury the dead
Educate children
Protect the group’s assets
House the ruler
None of the above

Reduction of biodiversity through species extinction is especially important in
Semi-arid rangelands
Arid rangelands
Mid-latitude deciduous forests
Mountainous tundra
Tropical rain forests

Rural settlements differs from urban settlements primarily according to which type of activity
Cultural economic political religious social

Most people in the world live in what type of settlement
Clustered urban
Dispersed rural
Clustered rural
Metro area
Urban settlement

The study of constraints placed by resources on the level of development is
Carrying capacity analysis
Desertification
Environmental impact statement
Proven reserves
Possiblism

A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for improvements
Blockbusting
Filtering
Gentrification
Redlining
Urban renewal

Producer services provide what kind of services
Diffusion and distribution of services
Services to businesses
Services for the wellbeing of individuals
Security and protection
Both a and b

The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the
Hinterland range threshold median central place theory

Critics and defenders of sustainable development both agree that
Definitions of resources change drastically and unpredictably over time
Earth has only 11.4 billion hectares of biologically productive land
Less international cooperation is needed to reduce the gap between ldc’s and mdc’s
More international cooperation is needed to reduce the gap between ldc’s and mdc’s
MDC’s must dictate sound environmental policies to LDC’s

U.S. central cities face fiscal problems because
Federal and state funds are available
Low-income people are concentrated here
Middle-class families are attracted here
Redlining is no longer legal
Gentrification is occurring

A recent change in the density gradient has been
The elimination of the gap traditionally found in the center
An increase in the extremes between the inner and outer areas
An increase in the number of people living in the center
A reduction in the differences in densities found within an urban area
An increase in the differences in densities found within an urban area

According to the gravity model, the potential use of a service at a location is related
Directly to the threshold and inversely to the market
Directly to distance and inversely to population
Directly to population and inversely to distance
Inversely to both distance and population
Directly to both population and distance

If a country follows the rank-size rule, if the largest city has 1,000,000 inhabitants, how many people live in the fifth largest city

Sprawl definition

If a country’s largest city (like Slovenia) has 1,000,000 inhabitants and the second largest had 200,000 inhabitants the country follows which distribution
Central place economic base primate city rank-size density gradient

In recent years, urban residents are more likely to shop in
Corner shops
Downtown stores
Suburban malls
All of the above
None

A market area is a good example of what kind of region
Cultural formal functional uniform vernacular

practice ap

what was the time slot for the practice ap test on tuesday morning?

TEST VII

Mr Lewis I would really appreciate if you could post up the question bank for unit 7 as soon as possible because I will have a very hectic schedule with my family for the next few days and I want to work on it ahead. Thank you

Test IV

1. The most egalitarian organization of people is the
a band
b band
c state
d tribe
e both a and c

2. An area organized into an independent political unit is a
a colony
b nationality
c satellite
d state
e nationality

3. a group of people who occupy a particular area and have a strong sense of unity based on a set of shared beliefs is a
a centripetal force
b nationality
c self determination
d unitary state
e state

4. A state with control over its internal affairs has
a centripetal forces
b nationality
c nation-state
d sovereignty
e centrifugal forces

5 The attempt by one country to impose political control over another territory is
a colonialism
b constitutionality
c self-determination
d sovereignty
e nationalism

6. The most extreme economic specialization occurs in a
a chiefdom
b tribe
c band
d state
e nation

7. A nation state is
a a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy different spaces
b a shared cultural community that shares the same borders as a country
c a sovereign area
d an organized region with no historic connotations
e none
8. A state is a good example of
a an organized region
b spatial interaction
c cultural diffusion
d a nation
e a perceptual region

9. A frontier in contrast to a boundary
a separates two states
b is an area not a line
c separates states more often than the other
d has a set area
e all of the above

10. Which shape most easily fosters the establishment of effective internal communications for a smaller state
a compact
b elongated
c fragmented
d prorupted
e none

11. The boundary between the U.S. and Mexico is best described as
a geometric
b linguistic
c water
d all of the above
e both a and c

12. Boundaries were redrawn in much Europe after WWI according to the
a distribution of languages
b demands of the victorious British and French
c containing Nazi's
d league of nations
e United Nations

13. The Kurds are a
a multinational state
b nationality divided among more than one state
c all of the above

14. An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to
a satisfy the demands of competing nationalities
b encourage the break up of the superpower alliances
c govern compact states more effectively
d meet all of the above needs
e impose the dominant values of one nationality


15. A state which places most power in the hands of a central government is a
a federal state
b nation-state
c fragmented state
d unitary state
e formal state

16. Which of the following conditions most lmits the ability of some countries to participate in the global economy
a prorupted
b perforated
c large frontier
d fragmented
e landlocked

17. The UN is primarily what kind of cooperative effort
a political
b military
c economic
d all of the above
e none of the above

18. NAFTA is
a political
b military
c economic
d all of the above
e none of the above

19. The boundary between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is an example of what kind of boundary
a physical boundary
b geometric boundary
c frontier
d cultural boundary
e antecendent boundary

20. The shape of a state has all of the following effects except
a it controls the length of boundaries with other states
b it rarely generates conflict
c it may create a unique identity
d it can act as a centripetal force
e it affects the potential for communication

21. The state where the distance from the center to aany boundary does not vary much is which kind of state
a elongated
b fragmented
c compact
d perforated
e prorupted

22. A prorupted state is created for the following reason:
a to provide water access
b improve communications
c separate state that would otherwise share a boundary
d act as a centrifugal force
e both a and c

23. All of the following are benefits of a frontier except
a it is a zone where no state has complete political control
b it provides an area of separation
c it is a thin imaginary line
d it is a tangible geographic area
e it is sparsely populated

24. Where did the nation state concept originate and where is it the most extensively used
a Europe
b Asia
c North America
d Africa
e none of the above

25. All of the following are examples of cultural boundaries except
a India Pakistan
b Ireland Northern Ireland
c Poland
d Yugoslavia
e both C and D

26. A superimposed boundary is
a a political border that has ceased to function
b a boundary created by powerful outsiders
c a political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged
d a political boundary that usually ignores pre-existing culture patterns (i.e Africa)
e both b and d

27. The struggle facing the U.S. to limit immigration is which kind of border dispute
a definitional
b locational
c operational
d allocational
e relic

28 the recent trend towards federal states can be attributed to
a the creation of smaller states
b more effective communications
c a desire to empower nationalities
d the desire of one nationality to rule over another
e the spread of communism

29. Gerrymandering includes all of the following except
a redrawing line to disperse opposition votes
b concentrating supporters to gain districts
c creating more competitive districts for the party in control
d stacking votes
e both a and c

30. Sweden is a
a compact state
b elongated state
c fragmented state
d prorupted state
e both b and c

31. Which of the following is not considered to be a centripetal force preserving a state's cohesion
a UN membership
b nationalism
c effective transportation and communication
d effective organization and administration
e state religion

32. All of the following are terms that connote nation state except
a political
b ethnicity
c religion
d language
e racial

33. use your mental map to classify the boundaries of Colorado
a superimposed
b antecedent
c cultural-political
d geometric
e relic


34. All of the following are levels of state support for terrorism except
a planning an attack
b providing sanctuary to terrorists
c spreading fear and anxiety
d supplying weapons
e both a and c

Test III

Unit III Possible Test Questions

1) The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of a group of people is a
A) custom. B) popular culture. C) habit. D) taboo. E) religion

2) A fundamental difference between folk culture and popular culture is that folk culture
A) often sets a minority group apart from a region’s general population
B) is adaptive to change over time
C) tends to diffuse rapidly across geographic space
D) loses some of its distinctive characteristics as it crosses national boundaries
E) represents universal values

3) In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of
A) homogeneous groups.
B) sense of family and community
C) groups living in isolated rural areas.
D) groups that have little interaction with other groups.
E) groups living in large cities

4) Which of the following characteristics is more typical of a popular culture than a folk culture?
A) It has an anonymous origin.
B) It diffuses slowly from its point of origin.
C) It results in a more uniform landscape.
D) It is likely to be derived from physical conditions.
E) It results in a more heterogeneous landscape

5) Folk cultures are spread primarily by
A) contagious diffusion.
B) hierarchical diffusion.
C) relocation diffusion.
D) stimulus diffusion.
E) none of the above

6) folk customs are more likely than popular customs to
A) evolve from the isolation of different groups.
B) diffuse through modern communication systems.
C) be a part of universalizing religions and not ethnic religions
D) have an known source of origin.
E) evolve from expansion diffusion

7) In contrast to popular culture, folk cultures are more likely to vary
A) from place to place at a given time.
B) from time to time at a given place.
C) both from place to place and from time to time.
D) neither from place to place nor from time to time.
E) both A and B

8) popular customs usually originate from all of the following except
A) the availability of more leisure time.
B) the application of industrial technology.
C) familiar events in daily life.
D) high income levels
E) all of the above

9) Folk customs most frequently originate in
A) more developed countries.
B) less developed countries.
C) former communist countries.
D) equally likely in all of the above
E) equally likely in none of the above

10) A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom is a
A) folk culture. B) habit. C) popular culture. D) taboo. E) custom

11) A taboo against beef is a characteristic of
A) Judaism and Islam.
B) Judaism and Buddhism.
C) Buddhism.
D) Christianity
E) Hinduism

12) American chains such as Home Depot, McDonald's and Wal Mart
A) promote a uniform landscape.
B) reflect the preservation of folk culture.
C) provide diversity on the U.S. landscape.
D) promote diffusion of folk culture.
E) demonstrate isolation of folk culture

13) A form of a language spoken in a local area is a
A) dialect. B) language branch. C) language family. D) language group. E) lingua franca

14) When people who speak a given language migrate to a different location and become isolated from other members of their tribe
A) their language usually shows very little change even over a long period of time.
B) they immediately develop a literary tradition.
C) isolation usually results in the differentiation of one language into two.
D) they lose their linguistic abilities.
E) both A and D

15) Hebrew is an example of
A) an isolated language. B) an extinct language. C) a revived language. D) a language family. E) dialect

16) The large number of individual languages documented in Africa has resulted primarily from
A) thousands of years of isolation between tribal groups.
B) repeated invasions by outsiders.
C) introduction of many different languages by the colonial powers.
D) frequent migration by the different tribal groups.
E) contagious diffusion

17) Franglais is
A) an English words entering the French language.
B) a language that is mutually understood by people who have different native languages.
C) an extinct language that has been revived.
D) an official language in a region of the world different from where the language originated.
E) a dialect




18) An isogloss is
A) a form of a language spoken in a local area.
B) a collection of unique words.
C) a boundary between language regions.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

19) English is part of which language group?
A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic D) Indo-European E) Sino-Tibetan

20) English is part of which language branch?
A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic D) Indo-European E) Sino-Tibetan

21) English is part of which language family?
A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic D) Indo-European E) Sino-Tibetan

22) With respect to the relationship between culture, religion, and the physical environment
A) ethnic religions more often derive meaningful events from the physical environment.
B) religious ideas may be responsible for some of the changes people make in the physical environment.
C) Proselytizing religions are less likely to have many symbols linked to the landscape.
D) All of the above are true.
E) None of the above are true

23) A global religion
A) is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location on Earth.
B) rarely appeals to people living in LDCs.
C) is rarely transmitted through missionaries.
D) is intentionally developed to be a world religion.
E) is not regionally isolated

24) The world's largest universalizing religion is
A) Buddhism. B) Christianity. C) Hinduism . D) Islam. E) Daoism

25) The world's largest ethnic religion is
A) Confucianism. B) Daoism. C) Hinduism. D) Shintoism. E) Buddhism

26) Christianity first diffused from its hearth through
A) contagious diffusion.
B) hierarchical diffusion.
C) relocation diffusion.
D) all of the above were equally important.
E) none of the above are true

27) The dominant branch of Islam is
A) Druze. B) Eastern Orthodoxy. C) Shiite. D) Sunni. E) Persian

28) Which of the following is currently the most important religion in the homeland of the man who founded it?
A) Buddhism B) Christianity C) Hinduism D) Islam E) Judaism

29) Unlike other universalizing religions, Buddhism
A) remained concentrated in one region of the world.
B) was not begun by an individual founder.
C) was founded in China.
D) worships more than one god.
E) diffused widely

30) Animists believe that
A) people should complete God's creation of the Earth.
B) inanimate objects and natural events have spirits.
C) people should make complete use of the Earth's resources.
D) natural disasters are preventable.
E) there is one supreme god

31) The agricultural calendar is relatively unimportant to which type of religions?
A) animist B) ethnic C) pagan D) universalizing E) none of the above

32) For most of the past 2,000 years, most Jews have been
A) highly clustered in present-day Israel.
B) dispersed around the world.
C) concentrated in the United States.
D) forced to live in ghettos.
E) highly clustered in North Africa

33) Judaism is classified as an ethnic rather than a universalizing religion, primarily because
A) its main holidays relate to events in the life of its founder, Abraham.
B) it uses a lunar calendar.
C) its rituals derive from the agricultural cycle in Israel.
D) it commemorates the Exodus from Egypt.
E) it has widely diffused

34) Beliefs concerning the origin of the universe are
A) animism. B) cosmogony. C) monotheism. D) solstice. E) evolution

35) From the Russian Revolution to the fall of the communist government, what was the policy of the government towards religion?
A) All churches were closed.
B) The old church was replaced by Eastern Orthodoxy.
C) Churches remained open but played a limited role.
D) Youth were encouraged to attend so that they could be indoctrinated into communism.
E) None of the above

36) A pilgrim to Varanasi (Benares) in India is most likely to be a
A) Christian B) Jew C) Hindu D) Buddhist E) Muslim

37) Which of the following is not an element of cultural diversity?
A) language B) religion C) ethnicity D) race E) apartheid

38) Which best describes the distribution of ethnicities in the United States?
A) regional concentrations
B) concentrations within cities
C) concentrations within neighborhoods
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

39) Race is
A) characterized by Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic/Latino.
B) self-identification with a group sharing a biological ancestor.
C) determinable from physical characteristics.
D) evenly distributed around the world.
E) all of the above

40) Which of the following does the United States Census Bureau not consider a race?
A) Asian B) Black C) Hispanic/Latino D) White E) all of the above are races

41) White flight is
A) movement of Whites from northern cities.
B) emigration of Whites from an area Blacks where anticipated to move to.
C) establishment of suburbs.
D) decrease in percent Whites because of Black migration from the Southeast.
E) an expansion of the ghetto

42) Conflict in Africa is widespread because of
A) colonial boundaries.
B) numerous ethnic groups.
C) language differences.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

43) The Lebanese civil war resulted when the country broke down because of
A) ethnic groups.
B) religious groups.
C) changes in the majority between religious groups.
D) independent armies.
E) interference from Syria

44) The process when a group forcibly removes another group is called
A) war.
B) migrational push factors.
C) racism.
D) ethnic cleansing.
E) migration pull factors

45) Cultural landscape is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A) Cultural ecology
B) Nonmaterial culture
C) Environmental determinism
D) Physical environment
E) Built environment

46) The world's fastest growing universalizing religion is
A) Buddhism. B) Christianity. C) Hinduism . D) Islam. E) Daoism

47) Folk culture is linked to the demographic transition chart in that
A) Latin American countries are in stage 2, African countries are in stage 3 and both are more likely to have folk customs that countries in stage 4
B) Folk cultures usually go along with societies that have larger, unified families under patriarchs
C) Folk cultures usually have lots of leisure time to develop and maintain traditions
D) Women are usually highly valued for their fertility and gain equal rights and respect through this
E) All of the above

48) Popular culture is linked to the demographic transition chart in that it
A) tends to occur in MDC's
B) has family values that have changed to the point where alternate lifestyles and divorce are allowed
C) has values that shift over time
D) can be expected in countries like the U.S. where women are going to college in larger numbers than men
E) All of the above

49) The dominant branch of Islam is
A) Sunni
B) Shiite
C) trick questions- Muslims are both Sunni and Shiite at the same time
D) has taken over the Iraqi government
E) none of the above

50) Mr. Lewis
A) Gives his cats airplane rides
B) Will be rolling around in your scan-trons after the test to try and feel the answers
C) Once killed a man for snoring too loud
D) Got into fights with Mr. Parson's in elementary school
E) All of the Above

Test One

-1Situation identifies a place by its

A location relative to other objects
B mathematical location on the earth’s surface
C nominal location
D unique physical characteristics
E none of the above

A ship’s position is given as 0 latitude and 27 west longitude. The ship is located

A on the equator
B at the North or South Pole
C on the prime meridian
D astride the international date line
E impossible to determine

The international date line is measured approximately from
A 0 latitude
B 0 longitude
C 90 latitude
D 90 longitude
E none of the above

The arrangement of phenomenon across he Earth’s surface is
A regional analysis
B spatial analysis
C spatial association
D spatial distribution

The frequency of something within a given unit of area is
A concentration
B distribution
C pattern
D density
E none of the above

Which is not a form of expansion diffusion
A contagious
B hierarchical
C relocation
D stimulus
E none of the above

Diffusion of AIDS is an example of which type of diffusion
A contagious
B hierarchical
C relocation
D stimulus
E none of the above

Economic development through international trade is an example of what type of diffuicon
A contagious
B hierarchical
C relocation
D stimulus
E none of the above

Which of the following is not one of the three fundamental elements of culture
A Customary beliefs
B Material traits
C Physical environments
D Social forms
E None of the Above

The concept that the physical environment limits human activities but that people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment is

A climate
B environmental determinism
C possibilism
D spatial association
E none of the above

Map projections attempt to correct for errors in

A transferability
B area, distance, scale and proportion
C area, distance, shape and direction
D distance, proximity and topology
E distance, shape and lines of latitude and longitude

A geographer would use a formal region to

A look at small focus area
B look at broad patterns
C focus on anomalies in space
D distinguish areas that do not share common features
E none of the above

All of the following are very good examples of a nodal region except

A newspaper circulations
B broadcast television affiliates
C marketable areas for shops
D Internet site usage
E Drivable areas

The creation of a mental map would be a good way to identify a
A vernacular region
B functional region
C nodal region
D formal region
E none of the above

The spread of something over a given study area is
A concentration
B density
C distribution
D pattern
E none of the above

Density could measure all of the following except

A people
B cars
C trees
D poverty
E none of the above

Two ways to measure concentration are
A clustered and nodal
B clustered and dispersed
C contagious and dispersed
D clustered and density
E none of the above

All of the following are examples of pattern except
A Chicago’s street map
B system of townships
C distribution of baseball teams
D frequency of baseball teams
E all of the above

Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which of the following characteristics of place

A site features
B absolute location
C relative location
D situation
E none of the above

Cultural Ecology studies the

A interactions between human societies and physical environments
B interactions between places over space
C relationships between media and diffusion
D relationship between language and land use
E relationship between politics and policy

In the new global economy an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in

A the informal sector
B regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used
C the field close to sources of agricultural production
D national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state
E major corporate centers such as New York, London and Tokyo
Map

















The daily rag provides news to all the cities in the region and wants to build a new distribution center. If the Daily Rag distributes its paper according to city size, which city is the best located for minimizing distribution costs

A p
B q
C s
D x
E y

Students in City Y have come up with a new flavor of ice cream. If their innovation spreads hierarchically, which city’s residents will be the last to try new flavor.

A p
B r
C u
D w
E z

An example of an important physical site characteristic is

A major airport
B grid street pattern
C major central park
D natural harbor
E sports facility

The “why of where” refers to

A geography’s emphasis on landscape features
B spatial patterns on the landscape
C a definition of geography that is simply locational
D the idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial
E depiction of a region’s physical features
A formal culture region differs from other regions in that it

A has a focal point or node
B is one the people believe exists
C has a selected feature or internal uniformity
D applies only to linguistic and religious regions
E none of the above

All of the following are correct statements about time zones except

A China has only one time zone
B standard time zones were created by the rail companies
C International time zones facilitate international communication
D Times zones were meant to facilitate the harvesting of crops
E most times zones are 15 degrees wide

All of the following are effects of globalization except

A the expansion of traditional cultures
B time-space compression
C uneven development
D interdependence
E none of the above

A large scale map most likely shows

A al large area
B a small area
C more generalization
D less generalization
E both d and b

A toponym is

A similar to situation
B very rare
C fixed and unchanging
D a place name
E none of the above

A scale of 1:36,000 means that one unit on the map represents

A one unit on the ground
B 360,000,000 units on the ground
C 360, 000 units on the ground
D 6,000 units on the ground
E none of the above

The prime meridian

A is 0 latitude
B passes through London
C divides the earth into northern and southern hemispheres
D is drawn from the north and south poles

33 The distribution of languages is an example of which diffusion

A contagious
B hierarchical
C relocation
D stimulus
E none of the above

If someone said that people living in the desert are lazy because of the intense hear, this would be an example of what geographic approach

A cultural ecology
B environmental determinism
C possibilism
D spatial association
E none of the above

Chart














Which boxes have the highest density

A ab
B bc
C cd
D ad

Which of the two boxes have the highest concentration of dots

A ac
B bd
C ab
D cd

Globalization of the economy has lead to

Less specialization at the local level
B more specialization at the local level
C no specialization
D equal development distribution
E none of the above

The first person to have determined that the earth was spherical was

A Galileo
B Aristotle
C Copernicus
D Magellan
E da Gama

Geography’s most important and basic tool for thinking spatially about the distribution of features across the earth is

A GPA
B GIS
C a map
D remote sensing

Finding an unfamiliar place by referencing familiar locations is and example of

A site
B toponym
C situation
D polder
E none of the above

Test 2

1. Which is true

A large scale maps have a large fraction and tend to show a smaller area in more detail because

they have fewer miles represented per square inch on a map.

B small scale maps have a smaller fraction and represent a smaller area in more detail because

they have fewer miles per square inch on a map represented

C large scale maps have a small fraction and show a larger area in more detail

D small scale maps have a larger fraction and in general show a smaller area in more detail

because they represent fewer miles per square inch than large scale maps

E None of the above

2. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the

demographic transition is it

A Stage 1 C Stage 3

B Stage 2 D Stage 4

E None

3. A permanent move to a new location is

A Migration B Mobility

C Net Migration D Voluntary Migration

E Forced Migration

4. Country X has a CBR of 40 and a CDR of 15 while Country Y had a CBR of 20 and a CDR of 9.

Which country has a higher natural increase rate?

A Country X B Country Y

C Both are Equal D Cannot be computed based off of the data

5. The shape of a country's pyramid is determined primarily by its

A Sex Ratio C Crude Death Rate

B Dependency Ratio D Crude Birth Rate

6. A country has net immigration if emigration _______immigration

A Equals C is closer to net migration than

B Exceeds D is less than

7. Thomas Malthus concluded that

A population increased arithmetically while population increased geometrically

B the world's rate of population increase was higher than food production

C moral restrain was already and definitively producing lower NIR's

D population growth was inevitably going to end in war or famine every time

8. One important feature of the world's population that is most likely going to have the most important

future implications

A It is increasing at a slower pace

B there are more people alive today than ever before

C the most rapid growth is in the less developed countries

D people are uniformly distributed across the globe

E many countries now have negative population growth increase rates

9. Refugees primarily migrate because of which push factor?

A Economic B Political

C Environmental D None had precedent over the others

E None of the Above

10. Geographers define overpopulation as

A too many people in the world

B too many people in a region

C too many people compared to resources

D all of the above

E None of the above

11. The most important obstacle hindering emigration from eastern Europe during the Cold War was

A the Rhine river C the Iron Curtain

B the Alps D capitalist democracies and their quotas

12. Millions of West Africans migrated to Nigeria during the 1970s when the country's economy

expanded and then left when it collapsed in the 1980s. This is an example of

A a push factor becoming a pull factor

B emigration changing to immigration

C forced migration to voluntary

D a pull factor changing to push

E Refugees being forced in and out of countries

13. Agricultural density is the number of

A acres of farmland C number of people to arable land

B farmers per area of farmland D number of people to each unit of land

E arithmetic density of an area

14. Forced consolidation of farms forced

A a decline of food supplies on a global scale

B made cities less likely to find the labor pools they needed

C increased death rates everywhere it occurred

D made Europeans emigrate from their farms

15. In the early 1900s, most migrants to the United States came from

A Asia C Western Europe

B Africa D Latin America

E Eastern Europe

16. The process through which skilled and educated classes leave to other more developed countries

A net migration

B immigration

C brain drain

D Inteliousis

E None of the Above

17. Guest Workers in Europe and the Middle East are almost invariably

A illegal immigrants

B low-status foreigners

C Muslims

D southern Europeans

E are an unimportant part of the country's economy

18. A country with a large amount of land and a small number of people will have a

A high physiological density B low physiological density

C high agricultural density D low agricultural density

E Both B and D

19. The U.S. center of population has moved continually

A east B north C south D west

20. If physiological density is much higher than agricultural density then a country has

A inefficient farmers

B a large number of farmers

C a small percentage of farmers

D too many people for the available resources

21. If physiological density is about twice of the agricultural density then

A you have a country that must be having a famine

B there is only one other person for every farmer

C the country is most likely not a more developed country

D you have twice the number of farmers over the overall population

E both B and C

22. Large scale migration occurred in Southeast Asia after 1975 primarily because of

A boat people

B communist victory

C failure of the monsoon rains

D separation of religious groups

23. Migration increased to the United States from Latin American and Asian countries in the 1980s

and from Europe in the late 1800s to early 1900s in part because all were

A had higher natural increase rates

B were in stage 2 or 3 of the migration transition

C had drops in their CDR's

D the U.S. had more resources and opportunities for employment

E all of the above

24. The difference between stage one and two of the demographic transition occurs when

A the birth and death rates decline

B the death rate rises

C the birth rate declines

D the death rate declines

E both A and C

25 Quality government education for all has the same effect as economic development in that

A it increases the wealth of a country

B it increases the countries Gross Domestic Product

C it lowers the total fertility rate

D it increases the likelihood of women's rights along with lowering fertility rates

E Both C and D

26. The difference between stage two and stage three of the demographic transition is that

A in stage three the birth rate stabilizes

B in stage three the death rate still goes down but begins to stabilize

C in stage three the death rate rises

D in stage three the birth rate declines

E both E and B

27. The highest natural increase rates are found in less developed countries in which stage of the

demographic transition

A one B two C three D four

28. The principal reason Rwanda had a decrease in its natural increase rate in the mid 1990s was

because of

A the country's growth and development

B the declining CDR

C the in increasing CBR

D the increasing CDR

E both A and D

29. Country X has a CBR of 40 and a CDR of 15 while country Y has a CBR of 20 and a CDR of 9.

Which has a higher natural increase rate?

A country X

B Country Y

C The rate is equal for both

D Cannot be done given the information at hand

E What the hell did you just do you little punk

30. Mr. Lewis frequently

A puts his cats in a stroller and takes them for a walk in the park

B knocks the books out of freshman girls' arms

C knocks on Foley's door and then runs

D All of the above

31. Two largest international refugees groups

32. Two largest internal refugees

A Angolans and Afghans

B Palestinians and Angolans

C Sudan and Palestinians

D Sudan and Angolans

E Palestinians and Afghans

33. In reality, food production

A has outpaced population natural increase rates

B has not quite kept pace with population which explains why famines occur

C is adequate. Fewer people have been born now than in the 1980s because of a decreasing NIR

meaning more food for all

D Both C and A

34. Net migration is

A the number of immigrants minus the number of people who attempted to migrate

B the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants

C is the number of people plus the number immigrants minus deaths and emigrants

D None of the Above

35. The ability to move from one location to another is

A migration C net migration

B mobility D voluntary migration

E forced migration

36. The epidemiological transition refers to how

A in stage one famines and plagues are the main cause of death

B in stage two pandemics recede

C in stage three and four an increase in diseases such as heart attacks and cancers

D all of the above

E none of the above

37. According to the migration transition

A stage one countries have people that migrate to stage four countries

B stage two countries have people that migrate to stage four countries

C stage four countries have low birth rates and people emigrate to them especially if 4's wish to keep

their population stable or to get it to increase.

D people from stage two countries will not go to countries in stage three

E both B and C

38. The following is true

A Asian and African countries are in stage three of the demographic transition

B Africa is the predominant area for stage two countries

C Latin America and Asian countries are in stage three and have high NIRs so lots of people from

those countries head to America

D America is a stage four country but immigrants help to keep the population stable or rising because

they have more kids than second or third generation Americans

E BCD are all true and A is absolutely false

39. (T/F) Many countries of the world have a death rate of around 40

40. Crude in CBR and CDR means

A an estimate that can only be crudely guessed because even developed countries cannot keep total track of births or deaths

B the total number of people even if they are immigrants or emigrated

C the number of births or deaths per 1000 people of any age or sex

D the number of births or deaths

E None of the above

10 Points (easy grading on this part)

In absolutely no more than one paragraph of around ten sentences explain Malthus theory

A how it relates to population versus food production

B one way he believed it was solved

C how his theory on food and population production has held up in recent history

Hints

The Ap course outline changed this last year to include these areas
Globalizaiton
Von Thunen
Interpret Maps
Urban Development and Urban changes and things affecting these
GIS
Electoral Geography
Demographic Transition Model
Federal and Unitary States
1st, 2nd and 3rd agricultural revolutions (I will post more on these)
Green Revolution and Biotechnology (agriculture unit)

Essay Hints

1. No. and letter each answer
2. Read the question before and after answering each section
3. Any vocabulary directly mentioned should gete defined in two to three differing ways.
4. When asked about any issue think of the directly relevant vocabulary terms and make sure to use them.
5. Study your vocabulary and know multiple names for the same concept
6. When asked about a model always make sure to define or assign the parts of the model to the appropriate aspect of the question.
7. Think about how the model works when asked to apply it. Think about the various aspects of the model and how you can get as many answers as possible to apply directly to the question (as the question was asked)
8. Study and then use the vocabulary that goes along with the model. Demonstrate a knowldedge of the vocabulary.
9. Feel free to repeat answers for differing aspects of a question. Do it when you feel it directly relates.
10. Study examples for each concept and know several for all or for at least the major ones.
11. Skim through everything we have done and then begin a regimented program of study.
12. Always provide several explanations, discussion points, or definitions. Do more than they ask for (or seem to ask for) because you do not know the rubric.
13. Take a second and think before answering.
14. Think about how the essays went in class and decide how to spend your time (watch?).
15. Reread your answers
16. Get a good night sleep the weekend before and eat breakfast.
17. Erase only when needed.
18. Study historical info related to concepts but only info that is of the 20th and primarily latter 20th century till today.
19. Use differing words for the same concept
20. Study in intervals, with groups and use the blog to help each other when possible.
21. Do not go insane with proof-reading. Do it but this is not an essay.
22. Write as neatly as you can within reason but do not make it a special point of concern
23. This is not an essay just answer the questions directly but you must use sentences and make sure your answers make sense.
24. When you get a map or a graph, make sure to answer questions usign the map or graph and if there are an increments or terms that go with it, use them.
25. Give multiple answers for multiple variables.

mrlewishistoricalsociety

mr. lewis can you please post the question bank

EC

how long should the extra credit be? (as in sides)

About Tomorrow...

If you're gonna be going tomorrow 2 dat thing for taking da past AP Test wat time do we gotta be there?

Mr. lewis

Mr. lewis Erika and Bridget from you seventh period humanities have a permit tomorrow for a track meet we both need to get signed out and i know you don't take same day permits so i'm telling you now.

Exurb America

WASHINGTON - Americans are leaving the nation's big cities in search of cheaper homes and open spaces farther out. Nearly every large metropolitan area had more people move out than move in from 2000 to 2004, with a few exceptions in the South and Southwest, according to a report being released Thursday by the census bureau.
Northeasterners are moving South and West. West Coast residents are moving inland. Midwesterners are chasing better job markets. And just about everywhere, people are escaping to the outer suburbs, also known as exurbs."It's a case of middle class flight, a flight for housing affordability," said William Frey, a demographer at the Brookings Institution, a Washington think tank. "But it's not just white middle class flight, it's Hispanics and blacks, too." The Census Bureau measured domestic migration — people moving within the United States — from 1990 to 2000, and from 2000 to 2004. The report provides the number of people moving into and out of each state and the 25 largest metropolitan areas. The states that attracted the most new residents: Florida, Arizona and Nevada. The states that lost the most: New York, California and Illinois. Among the 25 largest metropolitan areas, 18 had more people move out than move in from 2000 to 2004. New York, Los Angeles and Chicago — the three biggest metropolitan areas — lost the most residents to domestic moves. The New York metropolitan area had a net loss of more than 210,000 residents a year from 2000 to 2004. Richard Florida, a professor of public policy at George Mason University, said smaller, wealthier households are replacing larger families in many big metropolitan areas. That drives up housing prices even as the population shrinks, chasing away even more members of the middle class. "Because they are bidding up prices, they are forcing some people out to the exurbs and the fringe," Florida said. "Other people are forced to make moves in response to that. I don't have any sense of this abating." The metropolitan area that attracted the most new residents was Riverside, Calif., which has been siphoning residents from Los Angeles for years. The Riverside area, which includes San Bernardino and Ontario, had a net gain of 81,000 people a year from 2000 to 2004. Riverside has grown to become the 13th largest metropolitan area in the nation. It's a short drive to several mountain ranges, and it's within driving distance of the beach. Locally, it is known as the Inland Empire. "When you look at housing prices in Southern California, along the beaches and coastlines, you're able to obtain a very large home for a much lower price" in Riverside, said Cindy Roth, president and CEO of the Greater Riverside Chambers of Commerce. Homes in Riverside aren't cheap. The median price — the point at which half cost more and half cost less — was $374,200 in 2005. But they are less expensive than Los Angeles, where the median price was $529,000. Other areas that attracted a lot of new residents also have relatively inexpensive homes, even if they are not the cheapest in the country. Phoenix, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fla., Atlanta and Dallas-Fort Worth round out the top five metropolitan areas.

It's a Maaaaaadhooouuuuuuse!!!!

Clarifications / Tell all

The exam is May 1st not this coming Monday. I based our schedule on last year and that was a week off. WE HAVE MORE TIME. But the ACT is next week which means we really only have two extra days of real class time, full periods.

Because of this, the new schedule is as follows-
The exam will be on Tuesday (units I thru IV) and Friday (V thru VII) (the only two days that are 46 minute periods) of next week along with your notes being due then
The review assignment is due this Friday.
Jailcards are due on Monday of next week and I will allow the EC to be turned in then as well.
We will do more review tomorrow and I will post the question bank tonight.

TELL EVERYONE

I spaced the date and kept thiking next week was the first. We will have more days to review to get you guys ready. This Saturday and next Saturday I will be having review sessions along with this Thursday. I will want you to attend one. I will explain more tomorrow.

Almost Done!!

Can someone help me with examples for Heartland/Rimland and Agglomeration Economies?

And with definitions for Festival Landscape, Great Cities, Indigenous city, Mediecal cities, Street pattern, and symbolic landscape?

Help would be greatly appreciated! Thank you.

Say whaaa?

Man, I'm hella confused.. So the test is NOT tomorrow.. EVERYTHING has been pushed to some later date, aside from the Extra Credit, correct? So, the only thing due tomorrow is the EC... Can we have precise numerical dates please (IE: 04/26/06- Test One) Just for the sake of clarity. Thankies.

TESTS

Ok now i am confused. Do we have a test tomorrow? Do we have one friday? or is our tests next week? review is due friday now this friday? and EC i assume still due thursday? oh and for unit VII are we getting a question bank?

Welcome to the Time Warp

The exam is May 1st not this coming Monday. WE HAVE MORE TIME. But the ACT is next week which means we really only have two extra days.

Because of this-
The exam will be on Tuesday and Thursday of next week along with your notes being due then
The review assignment is due Friday
Jailcards are due on Monday.

TELL EVERYONE

I spaced the date and kept thiking next week was the first. We will have more days to review to get you guys ready. This Saturday and next Saturday I will be having review sessions along with this Thursday. I will want you to attend one. I will explain more tomorrow.

From the AP BOARD
2006 Exams Schedule

Week 1

	Morning Session 8 a.m.*	Afternoon Session 12 p.m.*
Monday, May 1	English Language	French Language** Human Geography**
Tuesday, May 2	Computer Science A ** Computer Science AB** Spanish Language**	Statistics
Wednesday, May 3	Calculus AB Calculus BC Music Theory**	World History
Thursday, May 4	English Literature	French Literature** German Language**
Friday, May 5	United States History	European History Studio Art (portfolios due)

Grrr Examples

Help with examples?
Cultural Adaptation
Maladaptive Diffusion
Social Distance
Gender Gap
Boundary types
Heartland/Rimland
Reapportionment
3rd Agricultural Revolution
Wrold Systems Theory
Footloose Theory

Give a penny take a penny

can someone please help me with these defs?

early cities, festival landscape, great cities, indigenous city, medieval cities, post modern landscape, settlement forms, symbolic landscape, urban function and urban hearth area

(pretty sure i could make these up but id appreciate your help)

Another Glossary

same with this one
http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/geo/courses/geo101/glossary.html#p

Glossary

This may or may not help, but it couldn't hurt.
http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geg101i/glossary.htm

test-taking strategies outline?

I was absent today. could anyone help me and tell me what happened in class and how we are supposed to do the test-taking strategies outline.
please.

notebook collection

when will you be collecting our notebook along with the previous assignments?

Monday's lecture and handout

A geographic information system or geographical information system

(GIS) is a system for creating and managing spatial data and associated attributes. In the strictest sense, it is a computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, and displaying geographically-referenced information.

---What does this mean?

GIS is a "smart map" tool that allows users to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyze the spatial information, and edit data.

The hexagon republic and the cholera map are simple examples of the kind of information GIS systems can track. Think of it this way, the pump map looked at the proximity of pumps to disease cases and found that there was a correlation to the outbreak and one pump. If victims addresses were put into a computer system and the map was done by a computer and all factors thought to cause the disease got mapped out on the map as well (it works better if you imagine that several pumps caused the problems), the computer system would look for spatial relations to all of the factors and see which one caused the disease.

-you could look for workplaces, grocery stores, pollutants as well as pumps

-you could examine where the original victim came from and how that related

-you could look at walking distances and how far people willingly walk to the various factors

-you might need to eliminate certain factors based off of logic

-the model would measure distances between the factors and see if there was a correlation

Imagine how this would work for cancer?

How would this work with the hexagon model?

-imagine a map that recored violent outbreaks (crime or otherwise)

-add to it age of the populations in areas by zipcode

-add to it minority populations

-add to it starbucks or Neighborian Folk businesses

GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times in the event of a natural disaster, or a GIS might be used to find wetlands that need protection from pollution.

Relating information from different sources

If you could relate information about the rainfall of your state to aerial photographs of your county, you might be able to tell which wetlands dry up at certain times of the year. A GIS, which can use information from many different sources in many different forms, can help with such analyses. The primary requirement for the source data consists of knowing the locations for the variables. Location may be annotated by x,y, and z coordinates of longitude, latitude, and elevation, or by other geocode systems like ZIP Codes or by highway mile markers. Any variable that can be located spatially can be fed into a GIS. Several computer databases that can be directly entered into a GIS are being produced by government agencies and non-government organizations. Different kinds of data in map form can be entered into a GIS.

--A GIS can also convert existing digital information, which may not yet be in map form, into forms it can recognize and use. For example, digital satellite images generated through remote sensing can be analyzed to produce a map-like layer of digital information about vegetative covers.

--GIS data represents real world objects (roads, land use, elevation) with digital data. Real world objects can be divided into two abstractions: discrete objects (a house) and continuous fields (rain fall amount or elevation).

--Positions from a global positioning system (GPS), another survey tool, can also be directly entered into a GIS.

--Remotely sensed data also plays an important role in data collection and consist of sensors attached to a platform. Sensors include cameras, digital scanners and LIDAR, while platforms usually consist of aircraft and satellites.

Examples

Data modeling

It is difficult to relate wetlands maps to rainfall amounts recorded at different points such as airports, television stations, and high schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with isopleth lines that indicate differing amounts of rainfall.

Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall contour map. Many sophisticated methods can estimate the characteristics of surfaces from a limited number of point measurements. A two-dimensional contour map created from the surface modeling of rainfall point measurements may be overlaid and analyzed with any other map in a GIS covering the same area.

Additionally, from a series of three-dimensional points, or digital elevation model, isopleth lines representing elevation contours can be generated, along with slope analysis, shaded relief, and other elevation products. Watersheds can be easily defined for any given reach, by computing all of the areas contiguous and uphill from any given point of interest. Similarly, an expected thalweg of where surface water would want to travel in intermittent and permanent streams can be computed from elevation data in the GIS.

Topological modeling

In the past years, were there any gas stations or factories operating next to the swamp? Any within two miles and uphill from the swamp? A GIS can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These topological relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close something is to something else).

Networks

If all the factories near a wetland were accidentally to release chemicals into the river at the same time, how long would it take for a damaging amount of pollutant to enter the wetland reserve? A GIS can simulate the routing of materials along a linear network. Values such as slope, speed limit, or pipe diameter can be incorporated into network modelling in order to represent the flow of the phenomenon more accurately. Network modelling is commonly employed in transportation planning, hydrology modelling, and infrastructure modelling.

Cartographic modeling

Digital cartography and GIS both encode spatial relationships in structured formal representations. GIS is used in digital cartography modeling as (semi)automated process of making maps, so called Automated Cartography.

Geocoding

Calculating spatial locations (X,Y coordinates) from street addresses. A reference theme is required to geocode individual addresses, such as a road centerline file with address ranges. The individual address locations are interpolated, or estimated, by examining address ranges along a road segment. These are usually provided in the form of a table or database. The GIS will then place a dot approximately where that address belongs along the segment of centerline. For example, an address point of 500 will be at the midpoint of a line segment that starts with address 1 and ends with address 1000. Geocoding can also be applied against actual parcel data, typically from municipal tax maps. In this case, the result of the geocoding will be an actually positioned space as opposed to an interpolated point.

It should be noted that there are several (potentially dangerous) caveats that are often overlooked when using interpolation. See the full entry for Geocoding for more information.

Various algorithms are used to help with address matching when the spellings of addresses differ. Address information that a particular entity or organization has data on, such as the post office, may not entirely match the reference theme. There could be variations in street name spelling, community name, etc. Consequently, the user generally has the ability to make matching criteria more stringent, or to relax those parameters so that more addresses will be mapped. Care must be taken to review the results so as not to erroneously map addresses incorrectly due to overzealous matching parameters.

Ummmm...

Festival landscape? Anyone?

Review Terms / E.C. / Back to work

Help each other out guys and be sure to give a very small explanation with you examples (tiny). For those of you doing the extra credit. Choose a concept that we have gone over this semester (good idea to choose something you think you and everyone else needs to review). Describe that model in full detail using material from your book and any material you can find online or elsewhere that you might think will be helpful. Try ad add graphs or pics when possible and make the report around one to three pages in total so it will be easy to copy for all. I will award EC for the clarity of your explanation, use of relevant vocabulary terms and what you find from outside of the text.

Remember the test-taking strategies outline is due Tue. I will post up info tomorrow and go over it in class as well. I will give you guys some time on Monday to talk with each other and help each other on the upcoming work and on etting your notes together.

I will be testing units one through four Wed. The next ones on Friday and the unit 7 bank will go online by Monday.

GOOD LUCK

Review Assignment again for those who need it here

Find Examples for these Terms

Absolute and relative direction
Scale
Distance Decay
Time-space compression
Region types
GPS
GIS
Choose One: Thunen, Weber, Stages of Growth, Burgess, Hoyt, Christaller
Dependency Ratio
Disease diffusion
Gendered Space
Push-Pull Factors
Gravity Model
Migration Patterns
Intervening Opportunity
Zero Population Growth
Acculturation
Cultural Adaptation
Diffusion Types
Maladaptive diffusion
Landscapes of the Dead
Culture Hearth
Shatterbelt
Ethnic Cleansing
Social Distance
Gender Gap
Materna Mortality Rate
Balkanization
City-State
Nation
State
Nation-State
Buffer State
Boundary Types, Origins and disputes as well as processes
Devolution
EEZ
Federalism
Gerrymandering
Heartland/Rimland
Irredentism
Iconography
Reapportionment
Terrritorial morphology
Adaptive Stategies
Agribusiness
Green Revolution
Commercial Agriculture
Debt for Nature swap
Economic activities (choose one)
Extensive Subsitence (choose one)
Hunting and Gathering
Intensive Subsistence (One type)
Mediteranean Farming
2nd Agri rev
3rd Agricultural Revolution
Tragedy of the Commons
Dependency Theory
HDI
Purchasing Power Parity
World Systems Thoery
Agglomeration Economics
Deglomeration
Growth Poles
Industry Location Theories (Choose one)
Footloose Thoery
Four Tigers
Postiindustrial

Final Review

Review for the AP Exam
1. 3 Nations in 1 (new and revised edition) / (Use revlevant vocabulary for each part)

A-In the province on the right, the minority group has a high NIR and the natives have a low NIR. The area is, in general, well developed and has a thriving popular and secular culture. How will this affect the stability of that region?

B-In the province on the left, there have been problems with urban sprawl. Describe what you think has been happening and what possilbe effects this will have along with possible solutions (you can use Colorado Springs to work off of for this part). The main city has multiple nuclei (think L.A.). What is this kind of city like and what does it reflect about that region of the country?

C-The other two countries are LDC monoeconomies and Hexagonia is an MDC. How will this affect trade?

D-Enclaves, Ghettos have formed along with a large urban underclass formed along ethnic lines thorughout the country. Describe how you think they have formed and where.

(Use revlevant vocabulary for each part)

2. Examples for hand selected terms
TBA

3. Additional review sheet
Already up and in the handouts section

Confused

1. How do you want us to answer the 3 nations assignment?
In paragraphs?
Are we supposed to use some kind of picture/disk to refer to?
We are all confused about this.

2. Do you just want us to name something that relates to the definition you referred to?

Please respond back. Is anyone done with this assignment? How are to go about doing it?

some vocab definitions

hope this is a little uselful http://www.wiley.com/college/kuby/0471400939/cd_activities/glossary/splash.html

Questions.....

i still need......

urban function

dedritic plan

If ANYONE has those it would helpm because they are nowhere in the book and they aren't on the web either.

Lateral Communiting- form of migration or movement primarily in an east-west direction

okay, and for the test taking strategies question set, i just wrote a SIDE about how a person should answer essay questions on the exam- is that what we were supposed to do?

and apart from the definitions, example words, and the 3 nations in one- what else goes along with the final review?

thanks.